Factors That Contributed To Industrial Revolution In Britain Essay

Factors That Contributed To Industrial Revolution In Britain - Essay Example Important conditions that favored the growth of industrialization in Europe include capitalism, a growth of population, peace and increased cross-border markets for industrial goods. Capitalism encouraged people to own private property and make beneficial contracts among themselves. They realized that there was the need to work harder with the objective of acquiring more property. Capitalism was a motivation that enhanced people’s desire towards making inventions since it was the only way towards wealth accumulation. The growth of population in Britain provided the necessary labor for industries and guaranteed a local market for goods and services. Increased labor and demand constituted the primary motivators for an industrial revolution. Britain peace and tranquility prevailed in Britain; this provided a favorable environment for industrial growth. Industrial investors no longer feared destruction of their property caused by conflicts and wars. People, therefore, volunteered to install machinery for industrial production with no fear of destructive activities. International demand for industrial goods was increasing at high rates as people desired to make their lives easy through the use of machinery. This provided opportunities for marketing Britain’s industrial goods. Increased markets encouraged more production and accelerated industrial revolution. Industrial revolution marked a major turning point in history because it influenced approximately all aspects of people’s daily lives.

Crime And The Impact On Modern Society

Crime And The Impact On Modern Society The threat and fear of crime are constant concerns that impact many people in modern society. The safety of schools and communities are usually indicated by crime rates, and are justifiably major factors in choosing where to reside. Research denotes that juveniles are involved in numerous crimes each year, as perpetrators who are subjected to legal intervention for status offenses such as running away, school truancy and curfew violations and as victims (Regoli, Hewitt, Delisi, 2007). Literature review reveals that there are official measures of juvenile crime which include those by police, the courts, and corrections agencies; and unofficial measures of juvenile crime such as self-report and victim surveys, that try to give a more complete description of the true extent of juvenile crime (Schmalleger, Bartollas, 2008). This paper will discuss several methodologies of official and unofficial measurements of juvenile delinquency and the identifiable problems with these types of data collections. Keywords: Uniform Crime Report, National Incident-Based Reporting System, self-reporting Criminologists for years have recognized that there are major problems in defining and measuring juvenile delinquency. The first is the legal definition that applies to youth who have been officially labeled in juvenile court. Legal definitions vary by time and place, making comparisons difficult because they are not uniform in all jurisdictions with respect to age of the prosecution; thus they tend to provide an unrealistic picture of the extent and nature of delinquency since they deal only with youth who are caught and processed (Regoli et al., 2007). Behavioral definitions in contrast to the legal definition can sometimes provide a more accurate picture of the extent and nature of delinquency and the characteristics of the offenders and victims. By using behavioral definitions, juveniles who violate statutes are seen as delinquent whether or not they are officially labeled (Regoli et al., 2007). The results have the appearance of delinquency being evenly distributed across social class and more frequent than official statistics would lead us to believe; thus showing a highly noted problem of relying on self-reporting processes and the difficulties in collecting accurate data (Regoli et al., 2007; Schmalleger, 2009). Measurement is not new to the juvenile justice system. Too often data collected by juvenile justice agencies have been unrelated to outcomes, and seldom allowed the public to assess performance in a meaningful way (Schmalleger, Bartollas, 2008). I suggest that this one of the reasons information does not completely help juvenile justice systems and organizations determine impact or cost-effectiveness of their interventions. Data is most useful when it provides input to juvenile justice professionals regarding public awareness and support, and can provide citizens and other government stakeholders with a sense of what the juvenile justice systems and agencies are really accomplishing or trying to accomplish. Official Measuring of Juvenile Delinquency Even with all the debates about the methodology of juvenile delinquency measurement, official crime statistics are considered the most accurate measures of crime and are often used in the news media and by justice agencies. This data is usually compiled by police, courts, and corrections agencies. The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) a program which began in 1929 and provides this type of data on the national and local levels, and track occurrences of eight specific crimes including the locations and frequencies of each (Lynch, Jarvis, 2008). This useful information is collected by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from law enforcement agencies across the country, and presents descriptive statistical, historical profile of violent juvenile crime in America based on the percentage of all arrests (Lynch, Jarvis, 2008). Another official measure for data collection of juvenile crime is the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). This system was developed in 1988 by the federal government to address some of the shortcomings of the UCR, and is generated from the records management systems of federal, state and local agencies (Regoli, et al., 2007). The NIBRS which collects information on every arrest and incident was intended to be a broader crime reporting system in comparison to the UCR program; and it gives much greater details on specific crimes because it differentiates between crimes that are attempted and crimes that are completed (Schmalleger, 2009). Proponents for official measurements have recently argued that these measures show validity for certain crimes; any problems tend to be stable over time allowing trends and patterns to surface; there is easy to access to the data and relatively inexpensive; they allow for city and regional trend comparisons; and they provides detailed information on reporting patterns, who is arrested, and homicides (Lynch, Jarvis, 2008). In contrast, opponents have raised the issues that the reports do not capture unreported crime because under or over reporting by law enforcement often referred to as the dark figure of crime; and as it relates to juvenile crimes the number of arrests is not equal to the actual number of youths who committed crime, and group arrests overestimate juvenile crime (Lynch, Jarvis, 2008). Un-Official Measuring of Juvenile Delinquency Even though most of the fundamental problems with official crime statistics had been identified before the end of the nineteenth century, including the major problem of the dark figure of unknown crime, it was not until the mid-twentieth century that systematic attempts to unravel some of the mysteries of official statistics were initiated (Regoli, et al., 2007). Turning to data sources outside of the official agencies of criminal justice, unofficial crime statistics were generated in order to explore the dark figure of crime not known to the police, and to create measures of crime that were independent of the official registrars of crime and crime control, which many felt would address more validity and reliability issues in the measurement of crime (Doerner, Lab, 2005). One un-official data collecting measure used for juvenile delinquency is self-reporting. These reports are confidential questionnaires administered to samples of youth who voluntarily report on their own involvement in delinquent activities, which sometimes provide a more complete picture of juvenile delinquency (Webb, Katz, Decker, 2006). They however are not error free. These measures use population samples that arguably are small, and it has been suggested by some criminologists that they are not representative of juvenile offenders as a whole (Webb et al., 2006). Recently, it has been proposed by some researchers that victim surveys recognize the inadequacies of official measures of crime, particularly the apparently substantial volume of crime and victimization that remains unknown to, and therefore un-acted upon by, criminal justice authorities (Doerner, Lab, 2005). The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), a survey sponsored by the federal government and has been collecting data on personal and household victimization since 1973 (Doerner, Lab, 2005). It was designed with four primary objectives: to develop detailed information about the victims and consequences of crime; to estimate the number and types of crimes not reported to the police; to provide uniform measures of selected types of crimes; and to permit comparisons over time and types of areas (Doerner, Lab, 2005). In general, victimization surveys have the same problems and threats to validity and reliability as any other social-science survey. Ironically, there is a double dark figure of hidden crime that is not reported to interviewers in victimization surveys designed to uncover crimes not reported to the police (Doerner, Lab, 2005). Such incomplete reporting of victimization means that victimization surveys, like official data sources, also underestimate the true amount of crime, and this then suggests that the discrepancy between the crime rate estimates of the victim surveys and the UCR may be even larger than reports indicate. A noted strength of victim surveys is that most crimes included in the questionnaire are F.B.I. index crimes; but research also reveals that two index crimes (murder and arson) are not included in the survey, though many other important crimes are measured in the victimization surveys (Doerner, Lab, 2005). It is fair to argue that many times the results from thi s type of data collection show that the victimization statistics are somewhat limited in their representativeness and generalizing ability. Conclusion Debates have been heated over the last few decades on the proper way to measure delinquency. Research reveals that there are three major sources of data that have been used, self-reports of delinquent behavior, victimization surveys, and official accounts (e.g., arrests, court records) (Regoli et al., 2007). These sources of data results do not always agree, and studies have shown that certain methodologies such as survey-reports show weaker associations between social status (e.g., poverty, race, gender) and delinquency than official records (Regoli et al., 2007). Proponents for methodological measurements argue that these sources of data yield reasonably similar patterns when the object of inquiry is serious and persistent delinquency (Schmalleger, 2009). I suggest there is still a need for more methodologies to aid in the challenges of prevention and recidivism juvenile crime.

The Fall Of Satan :: essays research papers

The Arch-Fiend   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Arch-Fiend, in 'The fall of Satan'; by John Milton, is a minded firm person who gets his word across to others. His stubborn attitude and arrogance shows that he is the strongest and smartest. The pride that made him believe he 'equaled the Most High,'; meaning he felt equal to God. The story, describes Satan's appearance, his action, his words, and his effect on others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the story Milton describes Satan in many different manner. He first talks about him as a form of a snake, tempting 'our grand parents'; to eat the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden. Milton also shows Satan's appearance as a beast. Pretty much you can see how his appearance and personality are quite related. Milton gives us a vivid description of Satan. That he has eyes that sparking blaze, monstrous size. This describes to us how Satan looks now, but before Satan was an Angel. He is not the same being that he was before.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Satan's actions also are shown on Milton's writings. It starts out as early as the beginning of the earth. When Satan attracted Adam and Eve to eat the forbidden fruit. In his speech to Beelzebub he said that ' good will never be their task, but ever to do ill our sole delight and out of good still find means of evil.'; This shows us that Satan tempts us to do evil actions and like it, and how most of us get pleasure or amusement out of it. Milton also writes that Satan with 'the force of subterranean wind transport a dill torn from Pelorus, or the shattered side of thundering Etna, whose combustible…aid the winds, and leave a singed bottom all involved with stench and smoke.'; Satan's actions are executed for one main purpose, and that is the rebellion he took on God. That came from his jealously and envy of mankind. Untill Satan wins his battle he will not stop making mankind attracted to evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Satan also led people to do evil through his words. He talked to Eve to eat the apple. He replied Beelzebub and said, 'out of out evil seek to bring forth good, our labor must be pervert that end, and out of good still to find means of evil.'; Satan telld mankind to do evil things just like God who tells us not to. Some choose to do bad and some good.

Apollo vs. Green Arrow

Apollo and Green Arrow/ Oliver Queen When I first learned about the Greek god Apollo in my Classical Mythology class, he reminded me of Oliver Queen. Oliver Queen is a character from one of my favorite television show called â€Å"Smallville†. He inherited a big industrial empire from his parents when they passed away. He was a playboy who did not care to give back to the society and only did what pleases him. One day, when Oliver was out on his boat, he was pushed overboard into the sea by an employee. After being marooned on an island, he learned to hunt and improved his survival skills.He later found a small settlement on the island and saw that some of the islanders were cruelly disposed of in a nearby well. It shocked him and he became focused on avenging their deaths. He resorted to making his own weapons and pursued the escaping men in the boats, who turned out to be drug dealers. His stamina and skills helped him overcome them, and was later able to turn them over to t he police. Oliver had his first taste of crime fighting then. He vowed to change the world for the better with the resources he had. He became a vigilante under the name of â€Å"Green Arrow†. â€Å"Comic Vine†) I think that Oliver Queen and Apollo seems so alike yet different at the same time. I believe that they will make a great comparison to each other. The very first and obvious similarity between Apollo and Oliver is that they are both skillful archers. Apollo is the god of Archery. When Apollo was still an infant, he claimed that the bow was his. (Mayerson 118) Oliver created his vigilante persona based on his skill and passion for arrows and bows. When he was marooned on an island, he improved his already talented archery skills.He made his own makeshift bow and arrows and used them to hunt to eat. With his refined archery skills, he later tracked down the drug dealers who were escaping in a plane. He managed to gain upper hand by shooting them down. Oliverâ₠¬â„¢s vigilante character â€Å"Green Arrow is considered by even the superhuman members of the Justice League to be the greatest archer in the world. † (â€Å"Comic Vine†) Oliver himself always said that Green Arrow never misses a target, not even when he was not looking at the target. Apollo and Oliver are also both full of wit and charm.Apollo is the God of Music. According to Mayerson, â€Å"the infant-god †¦ declared that the †¦ lyre would be his†. He later joined the other gods in Olympus and played the lyre them. Oliver is also very charming. In various episodes of Smallville I have watched, Oliver is often seen offering a glass of wine for a beautiful lady and impressing them with his charming personality. (â€Å"Smallville†) He is also sometimes seen playing the piano, where he intentionally lets people see the soft and refined side of him. Oliver have the kind of personality that is not easily forgettable.When he enters a room, he make s a great impression on everyone with his charm and wit. He converses with just about anyone and his conversations are usually laced with humor. Compared to other wealthy billionaires, Oliver has become very down to earth and he does not let his status in society and wealth hinder him from ridding the world of evil. (â€Å"Appointment in Crime Alley†) As very powerful and handsome men, Apollo and Oliver’s lives are filled with women and their love interests are numerous. Unfortunately, their affairs never last or are always cut short by another factor.Philip Mayerson explained in his book of various relationships of Apollo. Apollo’s first love Castalia changed into a spring of water. His next love Cassandra, a Trojan Princess, was cursed by Apollo himself. Sibyl was granted her wish of living as long as the grains of sand in her hand, therefore becoming just a voice. Daphne turned into a tree nymph. His wife Coronis was burned to death. While Oliver’s lov ers did not have brutal endings like Apollo’s, Oliver still went through various women. He was in a relationship with Black Canary when they were working together for the Justice League.He later came across Shado, a Japanese assassin who was killing the yakuza, and had an affair with her. Oliver was also seen kissing a girl named Marianne now and then. (â€Å"Scott McCullar's Green Arrow Compendium†) Throughout his first appearance in Smallville, Oliver was seen dating Lois Lane, the future wife of Superman. They had differences that cannot be overcome and their relationship ended. After that, Oliver seemed to rekindle with an on-and-off old flame Tess Mercer, who was also Lex Luthor’s, Oliver’s enemy, ex-wife. She is also very cunning and self-perseverative.She only cared for herself and fled when Oliver came into trouble. She later came back to be a good friend and support system for the vigilante team. Oliver also had flings with Betsy Braddock and Adr ienne Frost. Betsy Braddock was noticed by Oliver because she had psychic abilities. Oliver came across Adrienne Frost because she seemed to have telepathic abilities. (â€Å"Smallville Season 6 – 10†) Oliver’s fascination with these two ladies especially reminded me of Apollo and his †¦. Oliver’s latest and last known relationship is with Chole Sullivan and they have a child together.While there are many similarities between Apollo and Oliver Queen, there are also several differences. Apollo is the God of Prophecy; therefore he or his oracles are prophetic and can know what will happen in the future. While their answers are ambiguous, the oracle or the priests who interpret them still seemed to predict well enough. (Mayerson 124) Among the superheroes, Oliver is one of the few people without any metahuman skills. He compensates it by improving his skills as well as trying to predict and be more aware of possible threats. He does this by using the Wa tchtower, along with a team of superheroes.The Watchtower is ran by Chloe Sullivan, his then-friend and now-wife. However, the equipment and research is funded by Oliver’s very own Queen Industries, whose support is very crucial. The Watchtower allowed Oliver’s Justice League to assess any incoming supernatural problems and patterns, observe happenings in the world, and access almost any paperless trails. (â€Å"Watchtower†) In Classical Mythology in Literature, Art, and Music, Philip Mayerson states that Apollo is â€Å"a god of Purification, particularly from acts, such as homicide†. On the other hand, Oliver does not have a problem with stealing and murdering.It does not necessarily make him a bad man. Oliver decided use his improved archery skills to become a vigilante. This requires him to defeat and overcome opponents who were very similar to the man he used to be. He thwarts greed and corruption from hurting average citizens. He channels a modern d ay Robin Hood persona and constantly fights for underdogs. Since his days stuck on the island was full of misery, sweat, blood, and desperation, he came to understand the â€Å"testament to what it takes for someone to answer that wake-up call, change their ways, and fly straight. As straight as an arrow. (â€Å"Green Arrow†) While Apollo and Oliver Queen both went through various relationships and affairs, there is one major difference between them. Apollo dearly loved Coronis but was worried she might not stay faithful him. She did not, and he or his sister Artemis punished her transgression by setting her on fire. Apollo â€Å"regretted the hasty action, but it was too late. † (Mayerson 131) Oliver, on the other hand, was much luckier. After going through many obstacles together as a crime-fighting team, Oliver finally realizes his love for Chloe, who already seems to be in love with him as well.In â€Å"Warrior/ Super girl†, viewers can obviously see how co mpatible Oliver and Chloe are with each other. It was a beginning of a romance that changed their lives. They stopped hiding their feelings and kept no secrets. This lifted some weight off of Oliver’s shoulders since he does not have to hide his secret identity as Green Arrow from her either. Unfortunately, their relationship was tested with various situations, such as both of them sacrificing themselves into enemies’ hands and going far away to keep the other one safe. However, they just cannot stand to be apart from each other.During the episode called â€Å"Fortune†, they happily married in the tenth and final season of Smallville television series. Oliver tells her â€Å"You saved my life, Chloe. Both the myth and the man. † (â€Å"KSite TV†) There are many similarities and differences between the Greek god Apollo and the television show character Oliver Queen. Despite their various statuses situations, they both are powerful men, who went thro ugh many heartaches and obstacles. They are so different yet so alike. This is why I believe that Apollo and Oliver makes a very good comparison to each other.

English Tennyson Essay Essay

How far do you agree with one reader’s view that â€Å"the men in Tennyson’s poems are whining, selfish and arrogant, with little to recommend them†? In Tennyson’s poem Tithonus, some may see him as self pitying. In the first stanza it begins with how man is born, works on the earth, then dies and is buried underground. However, the speaker, Tithonus, is cursed to live forever, â€Å"Me only cruel immortality consumes†. Tithonus then goes on to tell Aurora, goddess of the dawn, â€Å"I wither slowly in thine arms†. He expresses a passionate grief about this while he is now a â€Å"gray shadow† that was once a glorious and beautiful man chosen by Aurora to be her lover. He remembers long ago that he had asked Aurora to grant him eternal life, but the hours that accompanied Aurora were angry at Tithonus as he was able to resist death. Now, though he cannot die, he remains forever old and has to endure waking up to Aurora who is able to renew herself every morning, consequently stays forever young. In the third stanza, just before the sun rises, Tithonus tells us that he can see the â€Å"dark world† where he was born and was a mortal being. Aurora is told by Tithonus that she always grows beautiful, but she then leaves suddenly without having answered his request, â€Å"In silence, then before thine answer given departest, and thy tears are on my cheek† which tells us the sadness he feels about his curse of being old but never dying. He also questions Aurora as to why she must â€Å"scare† him with her look of regret as this makes him fear that an old saying â€Å"The God’s themselves cannot recall their gifts† might not be true. Tithonus then sighs and starts to reminisce about his youth, and remembered how his body used to come alive when he lay down waiting for the dawn, â€Å"..and felt my blood glow with the glow that slowly crimson’d all†. In the final stanza, Tithonus pleads with Aurora to not keep him imprisoned in the East as the sun always rises in the East, so he has to watch her rise anew each morning, because his eternal old age means he has to endure the overwhelming pain of watching Aurora’s eternal renewal. He asks her how it is possible for his nature to continue to mix with hers as they are both so different now. Tithonus wakes up each morning â€Å"cold† and â€Å"wrinkled† whereas  she rises to â€Å"happy men that have the power to die†. He asks Aurora â€Å"release me, and restore me to the ground† because he is miserable and can only appreciate life when he is dead. This way, Aurora can see his grave when he rises, and he who is buried in the earth will be able to forget the emptiness of his present state. Throughout the poem, there is no real sequence or structure to it. Tithonus’ thoughts and feelings jump back and forth; this shows the disorder and confusion in his life as he is immortal and life is a never ending struggle for him. Throughout the whole poem, Tithonus is whining about his immortal curse and how he pleads with Aurora to release him, even though he had asked her to grant him eternal life. This shows how arrogant he really is, because the reason he wanted eternal life was because he had remembered how much of a beautiful man he was. Aurora had given Tithonus what he had desperately longed for, then throughout the poem he had put all his misery, unhappiness and desperation on her as he realised he would stay forever old because the Hours punished him. He is trying to make Aurora feel guilty for what she has done because he has to be in the presence of her eternal youth and beauty. In Tennyson’s poem Ulysses some may view this as another example of how arrogant and selfish men are. Ulysses announces that he sees very little point in him staying at home â€Å"by this still hearth† with his old wife, which shows very little respect for her. He also speaks of his travels and how he intends to live life to the fullest and swallow every last drop of life. He has been exposed to many different types of people and their way of life. They have also exposed Ulysses to the â€Å"delight of battle† as he was fighting the Trojan War with his fellow soldiers. Ulysses says that his travels and what he has seen has shaped who he is, â€Å"I am a part of all that I have met† he explains. Ulysses declares it is boring to stay in one place, â€Å"how dull it is to pause, to make an end† and to remain in one place is to pretend that all there is to life is simply breathing. He yearns for new experiences that will broaden his horizons and grow in wisdom and learning â€Å"to follow knowledge like a sinking star†. Ulysses then speaks to an unknown audience about his son  Telemachus and how he will govern the island while he will continue his travels at sea. He speaks highly of his son Telemachus, praising his dedication and devotion to the gods â€Å"and pay meet adoration to my household gods†. This poem is written as a dramatic monologue and is spoken by a single character, which is Ulysses, and his identity is revealed through his own words. The lines are in unrhymed iambic pentameter which gives a natural and fluid quality to Ulysses’ speech. A lot of the lines in the poem end in the middle rather than the end, which is seen as appropriate for this poem because it is about pushing forward in life. Finally, the poem is split up into four paragraphs or sections that each has a thematic unit to them. In all dramatic monologues the character of the speaker emerges from his own words, and it is clear that Ulysses is incompetent as a ruler as he much prefers to travel the seas and embark on new quests, instead of taking care of his present responsibilities. From one reader’s point of view, Ulysses may be seen as egotistical and selfish as he devotes 26 lines to himself and longing for the travelling life, and another 26 lines to his mariners who travel the seas with him. However, he only devotes 11 lines to his son about how he is to govern his land whilst he is away, and only 2 lines about his â€Å"aged wife†. However, in that era, it was the norm for the males to travel the seas and explore the untraveled world, and for the wives and children they would stay at home waiting for the men to return. So one might say Ulysses was doing his duty and what was expected of him at that time. Another poem by Tennyson is Mariana which is drawn from a line in Shakespeare’s play Measure for Measure: â€Å"Mariana in the moated grange† which is about a woman waiting for her lover Angelo who has abandoned her because of the loss of her dowry. The poem has no real narrative movement and instead is a visual depiction of isolation. One of the most important symbols in this poem is in the fourth and fifth stanzas; the poplar tree can be interpreted as a phallic symbol as it provides a break in a flat and even landscape, â€Å"for leagues no other tree did mark†. The shadow of the poplar tree falls on Mariana’s bed at night when she feels love sick, which may suggest her sexual hunger for lover who has not come for her. The poplar  tree also comes from classic mythology; Ovid describes Oenone addresses the poplar tree in which Paris carved his promise not to desert her. Therefore the tree has become a symbol of a lover and his broken promise. The first, fourth and sixth stanzas are the only stanzas that take place in the daytime. They each show an unending present with no sense of time, light and darkness. These stanzas switch from the descriptions of Mariana feeling restless and sad, she does not sleep or wake but she is in a constant dreamy state of mind. Mariana cries in the morning and evening and awakes in the middle of the night. Going back and forth between a flat day and sleepless night creates a sense of torment and confused time. The poem involves no action or progression, and Mariana is locked in a constant state of longing and isolation. Because of the image we get of Mariana, one view would be that her lover is selfish and arrogant because he only ever wanted her for her dowry, but because she has nothing he no longer sees her as valuable. On the other hand, Tennyson wrote the poem from Marianas point of view, so we do not get a complete picture of what has happened. Overall, one might agree with a readers view that the men in Tithonus, Ulysses and Mariana are whining, selfish and arrogant with little to recommend them. Tithonus is putting guilt on Aurora for giving him immortality, even though he had asked for it. In Ulysses, he is clear that his love of the sea and his travels are greater than that of his wife and child. However, in those days Ulysses was just fulfilling his male role in his society, and this was part of the norm and everyday life for them. In Mariana, we get the impression from the way Tennyson tells the story of Mariana that her lover only really wanted her dowry, but because she has nothing left he is no longer interested and has left her waiting for him, therefore we would sympathise with Mariana. However, the reader is only seeing things from Marianas point of view as Tennyson wrote the poem from her perspective, so we are not getting the full picture of what happened.